A to Z of Assistive Technology For Low Vision

When I first started learning about assistive technology for low vision, I searched for a list of low vision assistive technology items that would provide an overview of different types of assistive technology devices, or an introduction to assistive technology for visually impaired users that would help me with figuring out my own access needs and preferences. As a student with low vision from both an eye condition and a brain condition, I was originally interested in using assistive technology for school and to help me with various tasks that were difficult or impossible with visual impairment.

This changed after I attended an event highlighting assistive technology for students with disabilities. I went from not just wanting to develop assistive technology skills for myself, but also wanting to develop assistive technologies for others and studying assistive technology so that I could become an assistive technology specialist!

Back in 2020, I released the first version of A-to-Z Assistive Technology for Low Vision, which was a compilation of assistive technology tools and devices for low vision that I personally used. I have updated the post a few times over the years, and wanted to give it a makeover for 2026 to highlight 26 low vision assistive technology and accessibility settings that can help individuals with low vision access information independently and thrive in the classroom, workplace, and beyond. While this is by no means a complete listing of all forms of low vision assistive technology, here is the streamlined list of A-to-Z assistive technology for low vision that I wish I had when I was first starting out.

Accessibility settings

Mainstream devices like computers, tablets, smartphones, eReaders, and similar devices are not inherently designed for users with disabilities, though they often include accessibility settings that enable users with low vision to use technology independently and access information. While the range of customization options will vary across operating systems, many devices offer accessibility features that can make on-screen items larger, read information out loud, change how a user interacts with their device, or support the use of other assistive technologies or software. Pre-installed accessibility settings may be used in lieu of or in addition to specialty assistive technologies that are specifically designed for users with disabilities.

Examples

  • Make on-screen items larger
    • Adjust font sizes
    • Enable accessibility fonts/large print fonts
    • Display scaling
    • On-screen magnification
  • Read information out loud
    • Read aloud/text-to-speech
    • Screen reader (e.g. Narrator, VoiceOver, TalkBack, ChromeVox)
  • Change how a user interacts with their device
    • Voice control
    • Add shortcuts for buttons
    • Enable gestures
    • Configure home screen layout or icons
  • Support other types of assistive technology
    • Use a stylus or external keyboard
    • Connect a braille display
    • Enable a third-party screen reader (e.g. JAWS, NVDA)

Related links

Braille, buttons, and tactile labels

Braille, tactile media, and tactile access strategies/technologies are used to communicate information by touch, and may also be paired with visual and/or auditory access modalities. These can include the use of raised dots or textures for labeling items, buttons or knobs for controlling devices or settings, tactile overlays that can be used to navigate visual layouts and interfaces, as well as the use of 3D objects or models. Using braille and tactile modalities can also be useful for decreasing visual demands or providing an option for managing eyestrain/fatigue from accessing information visually.

Print literacy is an essential skill for individuals with visual impairments to possess, whether it is in the form of accessing visual print or tactile print. Some students will use braille along with visual print, which is referred to as dual media. That said, many learners are proficient in braille, visual print, and auditory access, which may be referred to as multimedia access.

Examples

  • Tactile labels such as bump dots can be used to label buttons, objects, or other items to help with identification or hand positioning.
  • Braille stickers or puffy paint can be added to items with flat labels, and may be paired with high contrast colors for visual access
  • Manipulatives and 3D models can be used to make digital and/or physical items easier to access or interpret.

Related links

Computers

Both desktop computers and laptop computers can be used as assistive technology for visually impaired users, with a wide range of options for making computers even more powerful through the use of accessible software/accessible hardware, peripheral devices, or other tools that can be used as assistive technology. In addition to personal use, many people with visual impairments use computers for school, employment, hobbies/recreation, and communicating with others.

Examples

  • Desktop computers often offer more powerful features and options for customization, while laptop computers are more portable. A laptop computer can be used like a desktop computer when connected to a docking station or peripheral devices.
  • Windows, MacOS, ChromeOS, and Linux all offer built-in accessibility features, though customization options and support for third-party software will vary.
  • Examples of accessibility software for computers include (but is not limited to) screen magnification, screen readers, high contrast displays, and text-to-speech.
  • Examples of accessibility hardware for computers include (but is not limited to) peripheral devices, accessible keyboards, braille displays, and alternative input devices.

Related links

Dry-erase board/whiteboard

Dry-erase boards and whiteboards require less pressure for writing compared to paper and can be used with markers or pens that come in a variety of sizes and colors. To maximize readability, it is important to keep boards clean and erase surfaces fully to prevent smudges, as well as avoid using faded markers or colors that provide little contrast.

Examples

  • Dry-erase boards come in multiple sizes and configurations that can be cut to size or mounted to a wall. Smaller dry-erase boards can be used instead of scratch paper when writing, while larger boards can be used for brainstorming or taking notes.
  • Digital whiteboards and brainstorming software provide an extended canvas for writing and annotating notes, along with options for customizing the colors and thickness of digital ink. Digital items such as shapes, text boxes, images, and other manipulatives can also be used with digital whiteboards.
  • Materials such as tile boards, self-adhesive contact paper, melamine coated boards, and school desks with a glossy/smooth surface can also be used as a dry-erase surface.

Related links

eBooks

Low vision often intersects with a print disability, which can make it difficult or impossible to read standard print such as books, newspapers, or small text sizes. eBooks and other types of electronic books often support display customizations and other accessibility settings that enable users to read information with visual, auditory, and/or tactile modalities. There are a few different file formats for accessible electronic books, including EPUB, MP3, DAISY, and others. eBooks can be read using an eReader that is specifically designed for accessing eBooks, or using an eReading application.

Examples

  • Online accessible libraries for blind and low vision individuals that provide accessible eBooks include:
    • Bookshare
    • National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled (NLS)
    • Standard eBooks
  • eTextbooks and accessible educational materials (AEM) for students with visual impairments can be provided by organizations such as:
    • NIMAC state coordinators
    • American Printing House for the Blind (Louis database)
    • AccessText Network partners
  • eBooks can also be purchased or borrowed from mainstream sources, such as:
    • Online eBookstores (e.g. Kindle, Barnes and Noble eBooks, etc.)
    • Libby/OverDrive

Related links

File formats

Accessible file formats for low vision enable users to access information independently using their preferred way of reading, whether that is with large print/screen magnification, listening to text read out loud, or using a braille display. Some file formats use fixed layouts that mimic print materials like PDFs or images, while others like EPUB, DOCX, and HTML use a responsive layout that can support display customizations or accessibility settings.

Examples

  • By default, PDFs are not accessible for users with visual impairments beyond the ability to use zoom/screen magnification to enlarge visual content. Tagged PDFs or accessible PDFs are designed for use with assistive technologies such as screen readers or braille displays, though they may still be challenging to access visually.
  • Responsive layouts can be used to resize content or customize how information is displayed without altering/editing the original document. They are generally more accessible than fixed layouts for low vision.
  • The Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) file format is specifically designed for blind/low vision users and those with print disabilities, and can be used for digital talking books, braille, and large print.
  • Heading levels embedded in Word, EPUB, HTML, and PDF content make it easier to navigate files with visual impairment.

Related links

Glasses

While they may not correct vision to 20/20, many people with low vision wear glasses to maximize the use of their residual vision. Glasses may be prescribed alongside other types of optical devices such as bioptics, telescopes, or monocular/binocular telescopes by a low vision specialist. Polarized or non-polarized tinted lenses may also be recommended for managing effects of glare, contrast sensitivity, and/or light sensitivity (photophobia or photosensitivity).

Examples

  • Non-polarized tinted glasses maintain a consistent color tint across all lighting environments, darkening the overall light entering the eyes.
  • Optical aids such as telescopes may be prescribed instead of or in addition to wearing prescription glasses.
  • Tinted lenses come in multiple colors, including (but not limited to) brown, gray, purple, blue, amber, and more.

Related links

Hotkeys and shortcuts

Instead of visually scanning or searching for an icon or label, keyboard hotkeys and keyboard shortcuts can save time and reduce visual demands/fatigue by quickly completing tasks, applying formatting, or enabling specific features or settings. Keyboard hotkeys and shortcuts can also serve as an alternative to using a mouse; this is essential for screen reader users that cannot use a mouse.

Examples

  • Keyboard shortcuts and hotkeys may vary across operating systems, though some are similar across platforms (e.g. Ctrl + C and Command + C are both used for copying selected text)
  • A list of keyboard shortcuts and/or hotkeys is often included as part of software documentation, which can be found online
  • Specialty software such as screen readers and screen magnification software often include their own keyboard shortcuts for accessing information

Related links

Images and accessible graphics

Accessible images and graphics come in many forms, including options for supporting visual access and non-visual access. Supporting visual access to images can include the use of high-resolution graphics that can be enlarged without becoming pixelated, high contrast graphics, using (or not using) color to convey information, or including a descriptive caption with images. Supporting non-visual access to images can include writing alt text and image descriptions or accessing tactile graphics.

Examples

  • Sources for accessible images can include
    • Tactile Graphics Image Library
    • High resolution image filters
    • Digital 3D models, which may be easier to enlarge at high levels of magnification
    • Images tagged with alt text on social media
  • Alt text and image descriptions provide information about what is in an image and what someone would need to know in order to understand an image.
  • Strategies like removing backgrounds from images or using transparent backgrounds can make it easier to identify salient features or relevant details of images
  • For audiovisual content like videos, audio description can be used to describe visual information for audiences with visual impairments.

Related links

Jingle: Provide feedback with sound

Jingles and sound feedback can provide helpful information for users that may not notice visual changes in an object or on a screen. These can be used in addition to other assistive technology like screen readers or enabled as a separate setting. Another option is haptic feedback that communicates information by touch and feel, such as a phone on vibrate.

Examples

  • Earcons are structured sounds or audio messages that can convey information on a computer, such as an error message or indication that something is charging
  • In programs like Microsoft Office, users can enable the option to provide feedback with sound in the Accessibility section of the Options menu.
  • Liquid level indicators beep when a cup is filled to a certain level
  • Balls and gym equipment can be adapted for low vision and make it easier to track where a ball or other item is located

Related links

Keyboards and keyboard access

For users that are trained in touch-typing or typing without looking at a keyboard, there may not be any adaptations needed to make a keyboard accessible for low vision. With that in mind, there are several options for choosing an accessible keyboard for low vision users, including large print/braille labels, using a keyboard cover, adding additional tactile labels, or choosing a keyboard layout or configuration designed for accessibility. While there are options for large print touchscreen keyboards (and options for enabling large print keyboards in accessibility settings), some users may prefer an external keyboard.

Examples

  • Large print keyboards often include large print keycaps, tactile buttons, and high contrast color schemes that support visual access.
  • Users can customize the color of their keyboard if they have an RGB keyboard, use replaceable keycaps for mechanical keyboards, or add vinyl labels to their keycaps
  • Keyboards can be used to access keyboard shortcuts or in conjunction with other tools such as text expanders or autocorrect/editing settings.

Related links

Large print

Large print is not a specific font size; the term is generally used to refer to a type size larger than 14-point (approximately 18px), with most visual impairment organizations recognizing large print as a type size of 18-point (24px) or larger. With that in mind, individuals with low vision often have their own definition of what large print font sizes are, and which type size(s) enable them to read text content comfortably for long periods of time without straining or discomfort.

Examples

  • Some individuals may use a larger font size for visually complex information, such as equations, math/science content, or when learning new vocabulary. They may also adjust font sizes throughout the day or for specific tasks to accommodate visual fatigue
  • While any font can theoretically be a large print font, sans-serif fonts and fonts designed for legibility are commonly used.
  • One option for displaying large print at a high resolution is to use a teleprompter display, which shows text at a very large size without cutting off information

Related links

Magnification

Optical aids and magnification for low vision can take several forms, all of which are designed to increase the size of items to make them easier to access visually. Magnifying glasses, magnifiers, and other magnification aids come in many shapes, sizes, and magnification powers to meet the access needs of individuals with low vision. High-tech magnification tools like video magnifiers and desktop CCTVs often include adjustable magnification powers, color filters, and additional features for accessing large print and zooming in on content.

Examples

  • Handheld magnifiers can be used to read short amounts of text or enlarge details on a page.
  • In addition to making text larger, display modes like invert colors or high contrast views can alter the colors of an object to make it easier to see.
  • Magnifiers and magnification aids can be attached to a stand to aid with positioning.
  • Digital magnifiers or cameras can be connected to an external screen so users can zoom in on content and enlarge information further. This is especially useful for magnifying information presented at a distance (e.g. classroom board)

Related links

Note-taking tools

Note-taking software enables users to summarize text content to read at a later time, along with options to add additional types of content such as lists, images, hyperlinks, and other annotations. Braille notetakers are another category of assistive technology for low vision, with some devices offering options for accessing both print and braille.

Examples

  • Note-taking software often provides basic formatting options for creating lists, adding headings, or bold/underlined text, but has fewer options for customizing the display of text compared to word processing applications.
  • Note-taking apps designed for students may include options for generating summaries of notes, adding audio recordings or transcriptions, or adding drawings/annotations
  • Digital typewriters and distraction-free writing devices may also be classified as note-taking tools or notetakers

Related links

OCR

Optical character recognition (OCR) converts images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into electronic text that can be read on another device. OCR has a long history of being used for making text accessible to blind and low vision individuals, and can be used to recognize text in a variety of contexts, including extracting text from documents, reading signs or extracting text from images, and for converting print into accessible formats that can be read using assistive technology. Math OCR and Optical Music Recognition (OMR) are also used for processing different types of content.

Examples

  • OCR scanners and scanning pens can be used to digitize print materials, or recognize text so that it can be read out loud.
  • Visual assistance and visual interpreting apps often include OCR capabilities, which convert text to an accessible format (large print, audio, braille, etc.).
  • A growing number of photo gallery applications and web browsers support text recognition for images, which uses OCR to extract text from images, which can be copied to the clipboard or read with a screen reader/text-to-speech

Related links

Peripheral devices

Peripheral devices are hardware components that can be connected to another device to enhance or add additional functionality. Depending on the device, peripherals may require a wired connection (e.g. USB cable), wireless connection (e.g. Bluetooth), or another method for maintaining connection to the host device. Peripheral devices may also be referred to as peripheral accessories or categorized as mid-tech assistive technology.

Examples

  • USB dongle for creating a portable copy of AT software that can be used on any device (JAWS, NVDA, ZoomText, etc.)
  • Monitor
  • Keyboard
  • Mouse or touchpad
  • Web camera or distance magnifier
  • Microphone
  • Speakers
  • Headphones
  • Stylus
  • Braille display
  • Printer, scanner, or scanning device
  • Alternative input devices
  • Non-electronic accessories like privacy screens, screen protectors, filters, or device covers/cases

Related links

Quality pens

Gray pencil lead on a white page can be difficult or impossible to read with contrast sensitivities that can accompany low vision. Writing with high-contrast pens that have bold or thick tips and choosing saturated colors that provide sufficient contrast against the page can make it easier to read handwritten text or content with low vision.

Examples

  • 20/20 style pens are designed for low vision access, and typically come in blue or black ink
  • To avoid having ink bleed through to the other side of the page, print content on single-sided pages (not double-sided), or consider using cardstock
  • For art projects, markers or pens are often easier to see than pencils, colored pencils, or pastels for low vision

Related links

Reading tools

Assistive technology for reading print and/or digital text with low vision encompasses several types of accessibility settings, display customizations, hardware, and software that can be configured for use as assistive technology. This can include adjusting how text is displayed, or using additional devices/software to augment existing text and make it easier to read.

Examples

  • Simplified reading displays apply a consistent font size, layout, and page color to remove distractions from a page
  • Line trackers, typoscopes, and focus windows can block out distracting text
  • Options for adjusting how text is displayed can include adjusting font styles, type sizes, line spacing, margins, and alignment
  • Users can listen to text read out loud and follow along with tools like word-level or sentence-level highlighting/text highlighting

Related links

Screen reader and text-to-speech

A screen reader enables users to access text, images, and user interfaces in a nonvisual way, reading information out loud using synthesized speech and/or displaying content on a braille display. With a screen reader, users can navigate their device using a keyboard or gestures instead of using a mouse (which is inaccessible to use non-visually), though users with low vision may still use a mouse if they prefer to access information visually. Screen readers are typically “always on,” and it is reasonable to assume that someone would be unable to access their device if the screen reader was turned off.

Text-to-speech enables users to access text and images by reading information out loud when prompted by the user. Text-to-speech can be activated as needed using a shortcut, hotkey, or gesture. Once text-to-speech finishes reading all of the text/visible content on a page, it shuts off until the user activates it again. Text-to-speech does not use any specific gestures or require the user to change how they interact with their device.

Text-to-speech and screen readers are specifically designed for a single operating system; keyboard shortcuts and features vary across systems.

Examples

  • Screen readers
    • JAWS (Windows)
    • NVDA (Windows)
    • VoiceOver (Mac/iOS)
    • ChromeVox (ChromeOS)
    • TalkBack (Android)
    • Orca (Linux)
  • Text-to-speech
    • Read Aloud (Windows)
    • Speak Text (iOS/iPadOS/MacOS)
    • Select-to-speak (Android, ChromeOS)

Related links

Tablets and touchscreen devices

Tablets and touch screen devices are frequently used as assistive technology for low vision because of their portability, easy-to-use interface, and compatibility with a wide array of web applications, mobile applications, and specialty assistive technology devices/software. Tablet screens can be repositioned or tilted at an angle to fit within the user’s field of vision or underneath a lined bifocal, and users may find it easier to use a touchscreen/gestures compared to using a mouse or keyboard to navigate applications. While a tablet may not be able to completely replace a computer or smartphone, many applications that are used on these devices can also be accessed on a tablet.

Examples

  • Tablet screen sizes are generally divided into four categories, including mini tablets (smaller than 8 inches) and large tablets (often marketed as pro models, larger than 12 inches). For many users with low vision, a mid-size tablet (between 9 and 11 inches) is a popular choice for reading, entertainment, and accessing applications without encountering scaling issues.
  • Larger screens are generally designed for use in landscape or horizontal orientations, similar to a computer. Smaller screens generally prioritize portrait or vertical orientations, similar to a smartphone.
  • Tablets generally use mobile operating systems or tablet-specific operating systems (e.g. iPadOS for iPad, Android for tablets). However, there are tablet/computer hybrids that use traditional computer operating systems (e.g. Windows)

Related links

Universal design

Universal design is an umbrella term that refers to the concept of making products, services, and physical/digital environments accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities. While universal design does not eliminate the need for assistive technology or accessibility tools completely, it can be used to make it easier to access information when using assistive technology by considering how people access information in different contexts and reducing or eliminating barriers to access when possible. Universal design may also be referred to as barrier-free design or inclusive design; universal design for learning (UDL) may also be used to refer to universal design in educational environments.

Examples

  • Providing a text-based transcript of visual content can make it easier to access information with large print or while using a screen reader, as well as enable users who are deafblind or that access information nonvisually to read content using a braille display. However, it isn’t just people who use assistive technology that can benefit from providing information in text-based formats; this can also help users access information more easily in general, use search tools, or make it easier to copy and paste text.
  • A digital calculator application may offer additional accessibility features for users with visual impairments, such as options for keyboard access, displaying content with large print or reading it out loud, and displaying graphical outputs in a high resolution. These accessibility features make it easier for more students to use this calculator application together, instead of having to search for a separate accessible calculator to meet everyone’s access needs.

Related links

Visual assistance apps and visual interpreting

AI-powered visual assistance applications use machine learning and artificial intelligence to recognize text and images captured from their device camera, uploaded files, or from screenshots/screen sharing. Some applications also incorporate human visual interpreters, which allow users to stream one-way video and two-way audio to read text or get descriptions of objects from another human, asking clarifying questions through voice or text. In addition to having descriptions read out loud, many apps also have descriptions display in large print, or provide options to save captured images to their device.

Visual assistance apps and visual interpreting applications may be paired with a smartphone and/or smart glasses that have a built-in camera and speakers. However, these applications cannot be used for certain types of tasks like crossing the street, navigating public restrooms, or reading sensitive information.

Examples

  • Visual assistance applications for low vision
    • Microsoft Seeing AI (Android/iOS)
    • Google Lookout (Android)
    • Envision (Android/iOS)
  • Visual assistance apps with human visual interpreters/hybrid AI
    • Aira (Android/iOS)
    • Be My Eyes (Android/iOS)

Related links

Wayfinding applications and O&M

Wayfinding refers to the process in which individuals orient themselves within physical spaces and navigate from one location to another, encompassing both orientation and mobility. Wayfinding is a critical component of orientation and mobility skills for individuals with visual impairments, which is often referred to as O&M. Assistive technology for wayfinding includes a wide range of low-tech and high-tech devices, such as white canes (blindness canes), GPS applications, smart glasses, smart canes, and sensors that can detect potential obstacles.

Examples

  • Mainstream GPS applications such as Google Maps and Apple Maps can be used with additional accessibility settings to get information on routes and directions
  • Specialty GPS and wayfinding applications are designed for blind and low vision users and often incorporate their own accessibility settings
  • Some wayfinding applications have options for indoor navigation as well as outdoor navigation, with many indoor navigation systems using tools like beacons to label landmarks or places of interest

Related links

External display

External displays and monitors can be used as screen mirroring tools to increase the size of visual content on the user’s screen. External displays can be used with a wired connection or docking system to provide display scaling features, or used with a wireless connection to stream content from another device or application.

For users with visual field neglect or reduced peripheral vision, a smaller screen may be easier to position within the field of vision so the entire screen can be viewed at once or with minimal movement, while larger screens may have a wider layout that can make it easier to access visually complex apps. To create a more narrow field of view, users may consider adjusting the screen resolution to a smaller size.

Examples

  • Google Cast and Apple AirPlay are examples of wireless protocols that can be used to stream audio/visual content from another device, which can be useful for displaying content on a larger screen.
  • Docking stations can be used to connect laptop computers to an external monitor and other peripheral devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.) to mimic a desktop computer.
  • Two smaller monitors may be preferred over one larger external monitor. If the monitors are two different sizes, the user will need to configure individual settings for scaling and display resolution.
  • Some classrooms and lecture areas have multiple external displays that can be used for screen mirroring, which provide additional options for viewing content shared on another screen or on a projector.

Related links

Yellow on black/High contrast

Contrast is defined as the difference of color that makes an object (or the foreground) visible against a background of a different color, with a contrast ratio showing the luminance of the brightest shade to the darkest shade. For low vision, high contrast color schemes may involve limited color palettes or removing non-essential colors, while other high contrast color schemes simply make colors easier to see against different backgrounds. High contrast displays can also be used to decrease glare or minimize light sensitivity/eye strain that can be triggered by bright displays or white backgrounds.

Examples

  • Common high contrast color schemes for low vision include:
    • White and black
    • Black and yellow
    • Green and black
    • Yellow and blue
    • Grayscale display
  • From a design standpoint, swapping foreground (text) and background colors has no influence on the contrast ratio between two colors. With that in mind, users may prefer to use invert colors or screen inversion if they prefer to read light text on a dark background
  • Dark mode and high contrast mode are not interchangeable with each other, though dark mode may incorporate high contrast color schemes. Dark mode color palettes usually feature shades of gray and are designed for reading in low-light conditions
  • High contrast color schemes are not just for technology! High contrast designs can also make it easier to locate items or navigate environments with low vision.

Related links

Zoom and screen magnification

Browser zoom, display scaling, and screen magnification software can all be used to increase the size of information on a screen. Built-in screen magnification software or browser zoom/display scaling options typically offer magnification up to 400%/500% (4x/5x) of the original screen size, though third-party screen magnification software often supports higher levels of screen magnification, with some applications supporting as much as 36x or 60x magnification. Display scaling and browser zoom options typically use full screen views that magnify the entire page; other options for screen magnification include Lens view (which follows the cursor) or Docked view that remains in a consistent location on the screen.

Examples

  • To use browser zoom, use the pinch-to-zoom gesture on a touchscreen or keyboard shortcut Ctrl + +. If using a mouse, hold Ctrl or Command while scrolling.
  • Screen magnification software for low vision:
    • Magnifier (Windows)
    • Zoom (Mac/iOS/iPadOS; Zoom is also the name for Linux screen magnification setting)
    • Screen magnifier/Magnification (ChromeOS/Android)
    • ZoomText (Windows)
  • Screen magnification can also be paired with text-to-speech or a screen reader for accessing information; specialty software that combines a screen reader and screen magnifier may also be considered (e.g. Fusion, SuperNova)

Related links

Additional resources on assistive technology for low vision

26 examples of assistive technology for low vision access that are used by people with visual impairments for work, school, and everyday life.

Published January 28, 2020. Updated January 2026

Reference
Lewis, Veronica. (2020). A to Z of Assistive Technology For Low Vision. Veroniiiica. https://veroniiiica.com/a-to-z-of-assistive-technology-for-low-vision/ (Accessed on February 4, 2026)